A Review on Pharmacological and Therapeutic Potential of Aloe barbadensis Miller

Aloe vera, a popular succulent perennial medicinal plant with a wide range of phytochemicals that have shown various pharmacological activities including anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, wound healing promotion and so on. Acemannan, aloe-emodin, aloin, aloesin, and emodin are widely investigated active constituents that show various pharmacological activities. Thus, the purpose of this review is to highlight previous pharmacological studied conducted in vivo, in vitro and human assays over the past decades. As current pharmacological research is focused on anticancer and neurological action, it would be interesting and important to study the main compounds present in Aloe vera for therapeutic purposes.

Predictive value of uterine artery: peak systolic velocity on the day of trigger for clinical pregnancy rate in infertile women

Background: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the role of uterine artery blood flow parameter measured by uterine artery two-dimensional (2D) power coloured doppler (PCD) ultrasound in predicting fertility outcomes in women undergoing ART treatment.Methods: It is prospective observational study. Total of 60 patients were included  of receiving infertility treatment in the age group20-40 years. 20 patients were selected for timed intercourse , 20 patients were selected for intrauterine insemination , 20 patients were selected for invitro fertilization. Transvaginalsonography will be done on the day of trigger by BHCG , UA PSV were measured,  and endometrial blood flow will be assessed. Predictivity of pregnancy rate  will be looked after by 3 ways: BHCG values  , UPT, Gestational sac  on USG.Results: In TI/IUI/IVF cycles the Doppler parameter PSV of uterine artery (23.08+/-3.39 vs 20.37-/+5.43) in pregnant vs non-pregnant group did not differ significantly. The mean PSV   of UA shows no significant difference women who were became pregnant during treatment and the women who were not became pregnant.Conclusions: With help of Doppler parameter imaging of women undergoing infertility it was found that UA PSV is non-significant to decide the prediction of pregnancy outcome.

Unusual Supero-Lateral Dislocation of Intact Bilateral Mandibular Condyles Associated with Right Parasymphysis Mandibular Fracture:A Case Report and Review of Literature

The dislocation of the mandibular condyle / condyles occurs most commonly in an anterior direction due to trauma. This is a known fact as due to pull of lateral pterygoid muscle. On the contrary, posterior, superior, or lateral dislocations of the intact mandibular condyle occur rarely, and very few such cases have been reported in the English language literature. The rarity of these dislocations can be attributed to the varying anatomy of the condyle, the direction of pull of muscles attached to the condyle and low incidence of skull base fractures from an indirect blow. A case of bilateral supero-lateral dislocation of the condyle associated with a symphyseal fracture is presented. We discuss the dynamics, diagnostic features and clinical management of such dislocations with extensive review of literature

Unusual Supero-Lateral Dislocation of Intact Bilateral Mandibular Condyles Associated with Right Parasymphysis Mandibular Fracture:A Case Report and Review of Literature

The dislocation of the mandibular condyle / condyles occurs most commonly in an anterior direction due to trauma. This is a known fact as due to pull of lateral pterygoid muscle. On the contrary, posterior, superior, or lateral dislocations of the intact mandibular condyle occur rarely, and very few such cases have been reported in the English language literature. The rarity of these dislocations can be attributed to the varying anatomy of the condyle, the direction of pull of muscles attached to the condyle and low incidence of skull base fractures from an indirect blow. A case of bilateral supero-lateral dislocation of the condyle associated with a symphyseal fracture is presented. We discuss the dynamics, diagnostic features and clinical management of such dislocations with extensive review of literature

Clinico-pathologic profile of women with palpable breast lumps in Chitwan Medical College, Nepal.

Background: Spectrum of female breast diseases is manifold and includes various non-neoplastic and neoplastic conditions. This study focused on the clinico-pathological profile of several breast diseases, including fibrocystic change, fibroadenoma and breast carcinoma. Methods: This cross sectional analytic observational study included Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology cases of female breast diseases diagnosed over three years from 2011 to 2014 in Chitwan Medical College Teaching hospital in Central Nepal. Univariate analysis was carried out to find out age group-wise proportion of the diseases in relation to five cytologic categories and various cytomorphologic diagnoses. Independent samples t-test was used to find out the significance of difference between mean age of benign and malignant breast diseases. Results: The proportion of benign, suspicious for malignancy and malignant breast diseases was 90.4 %, 0.8% and 8.8 % respectively. The mean age of patients at diagnosis for benign diseases and malignant disease was 31.7± 10.4 years and 49.2 ± 12.0 years respectively. t-test showed difference in mean age between benign and malignant diseases to be statistically significant (t=8.79, p= <0.001). Fibrocystic change and fibroadenoma were the most common breast disease overall and the most common neoplasm respectively. 58.1 %, 25.9 % and 6.5 % of all carcinoma cases in this study were found below 50, below 40 and below 30 years of age respectively. Conclusions: Fibrocystic change and fibroadenoma are most common disease of breast and most common neoplasm of breast respectively. Breast cancer occurs in younger women in Nepal in comparison to women in developed countries. Therefore, breast cancer prevention programs in Nepal should target young women also.

Histopathologic diagnosis of lymph node biopsies.

This is a retrospective study of biopsies of lymph nodes received in the department of pathology, Nepal Medical College (NMC), from January 2004 to December 2005. Total number of lymph node biopsies during the two year period was 55, out of which 56.0% cases were females and 44.0% were males with M:F 1:1.29. Most common cause of lymphadenopathy was tuberculosis and most common group of lymph node was cervical lymph nodes. Metastatic deposits were seen in only six cases. So, like other developing countries, in our country also, tuberculosis is the leading cause for lymphadenopathy.

Radiological and antroscopic study of maxillary antrum in multibacillary leprosy patients.

Sixty consecutive patients having multibacillary leprosy were examined for symptoms of nasal involvement and sinusitis. A complete ENT examination was carried out of all these patients and they were subjected to radiological examination of paranasal sinuses. Radiological abnormalities of maxillary antrum were found in 15 of 20 cases of lepromatous leprosy, 6 of 26 cases of borderline lepromatous and in 14 cases of mid-borderline leprosy. Localized or generalized mucosal thickening was the most common finding, followed by opacity of maxillary antrum. Radiological abnormalities were confirmed by antroscopy, which is the most appropriate technique for making an accurate diagnosis of maxillary antral diseases. Initially, antral involvement may begin with a localized area of mucol erythema, progressing to a typical granuloma formation and ulceration. The antero-inferior part of the antrum was found to be the most commonly affected region.

Primary central nervous system lymphoma: experience of 46 cases with review of literature.

Primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSL) constitutes only 1.0 to 1.5% of all brain tumors. Their incidence has gone up over tenfold in the last 25 years. Though, there has been an association of PCNSL with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), yet the increased incidence of PCNSL appears to be real and unrelated to AIDS and organ transplantation. This increased incidence could be because of improvement in diagnostic technology and practice. The outcome remains gloomy despite surgical resection, radiotherapy and intensive adjuvant chemotherapy regimens, as majority of the patients succumb to the disease, with only 30-40% survival in patients under 70 years of age.

Traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage: a clinicoradiological and TCD correlation.

Twenty five consecutive patients with CT proven pure traumatic subarachnoid haemorrhage (tSAH) were studied, prospectively over a 6 month period. They constituted 2% of all head injuries. Most of the patients (88%) had a mild or moderate head injury at the time of admission, with a mean glasgow comma scale (GCS) of 10.68. The CT scan findings were divided into 3 grades. Grade 1 - blood in hemispheric region only (n=4), grade 2 - blood in basal region only (n=11), grade 3 - blood in both hemispheric as well as basal region (n=10). Transcranial doppler ultrasound (TCD) velocities were recorded in all patients by insonating the middle cerebral artery, internal carotid artery and anterior cerebral artery on both sides. All patients were also subjected to digital substraction angiography (DSA). All patients with mild head injury had normal TCD velocity (<100 cm/sec), while TCD velocities of more than 150 cm/sec were seen only in one patient with severe head injury. Patients with severe head injury were found to have grade 3 tSAH on CT. No statistically significant correlation was found between the CT grade and TCD velocities. Angiographic vasospasm was found in 2 patients with severe head injury only. 90.2% of patients had good outcome at discharge.

Changes in phosphatases and lipids following scrotal gamma irradiation in adult rat testis.

Effects of localized low (2.5 Gy) and high (10 Gy) levels of gamma irradiation on the testis of albino rats were studied. A marked increase in the testicular total lipid, phospholipid and cholesterol content was observed at all post-treatment intervals except at 16 weeks where the contents decreased. A significant decrease in the activity of acid phosphatase/g of testis was seen at both the doses, the minimum value being at 4 weeks. The decrease in acid phosphatase activity is correlated with the state of germ cell population in seminiferous tubule which is found to be depleted at 4 week interval. The alkaline phosphatase activity/g testis however, showed a significant increase, the maximum being at 4 weeks post-treatment. Thereafter, the values of the enzyme activity showed a slight recovery at 16 weeks post-irradiation. ATPase activity increased initially followed by a significant decrease at all post-treatment intervals.

Diagnostic accuracy of immediate interpretation of fine needle aspirates.

A total of 197 fine needle aspirates (FNA) from various body sites was subjected to immediate interpretation to determine its diagnostic accuracy. For the entire series, the immediate interpretation revealed a sensitivity of 97 per cent, specificity of 96 per cent, a positive predictive value (PV) of 92 per cent, a negative predictive value of 98 per cent and an efficiency of the test of 96 per cent. The false positive rate was 1.5 per cent and false negative rate 0.5 per cent. The diagnostic accuracy of immediate interpretation was comparable for aspirates from different sites. Our results indicate that immediate interpretation of FNA is ideal for determining the adequacy of material and providing a rapid basic diagnosis. This technique could offer useful substitute to frozen sections particularly when facilities for the latter are not available.